BUSINESS ETHIC POSITION PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BUSINESS ETHIC POSITION root word - Essay ExampleEthics atomic number 18 not think to feelings of correctly and wrong nor are they related to a particular religion. They are not defined by law and they are not base upon the norms of a given culture group. Finally, morals are not based upon scientific evidence of what constitutes right or wrong. In order to try to determine what constitutes the concept of ethics, there are five general honorable standards by which one can compare personal and group ethics in prioritizing responsibilities. While corporation leaders relieve oneself a responsibility to the shareholders who have entrusted them with their company, they also have a responsibility to their stakeholders, the common good of the people within the communities in which they work. From the viewpoint of three ethical standards, it is clear that the corporation must maintain a level of responsibility toward both their shareholders and their stakeholders if they wish to beam business ethically.In general, most people understand bodied social responsibility as referring to the figure of corporate investment in community related projects, often projects that will bring no direct, quantitative benefit to the corporation itself. In respect to these types of practices, it is often argued that the corporation is acting irresponsibly toward its shareholders when it elects to invest corporate notes into charities that do not directly benefit the shareholders themselves. The companys owners its shareholders can certainly donate their own assets to charities that promote causes they believe in But it would be irresponsible for the management and directors of a company, whose mental strain these investors purchased, to deploy corporate assets for social causes (Atkins, 2006). Because shareholders dont have direct control over how these funds are spent, which charities they contribute to or how much they wish to invest,

Summary of television and news media article Essay

Summary of television and intelligence in potpourriation media prowessicle - Essay ExampleThis paper will summarize the article in its entirety, highlighting the relevancies and compactly summarizing the content. The summary will conclude by illustrating how news broadcasts do follow the Bakhtinian description through the enforce of word inflections (Druick 294).The article describes the context of music genre in television as a basis for the sorting of types of shows and indicates how these categories are used by producers and audiences (Druick 295). News caricatures pick out become a typical television form disallowing the democratic reflection of current standards, which was the original intention of this forum and self-reflexive comedy has replaced the meaningfulness of the original broadcasting exhibit (Druick 295). The classification of television shows into genre schemes allows the broadcasting networks to offer advertisers specific market audiences and Bakhtins concept of genre emphasizes the physical manifestation of societal styles of communication that intercede between the humanity and the social world, which enables individual cheek while simultaneously restricting it (Druick 295). This has a distinct effect on the creation of dialogue and the relation of every word spoken to the works that precede them (Druick 296). The Bakhtinian assessment offers a connection between art and life, literature, and politics (Druick 297).This aspect of dialogue in relation to language and speech associates expression in what Bakhtin referred to as the center of monologist propensities designed to create social homogeneity (Druick 297). When Bakhtins literary analyses are applied to multimedia system settings, it expresses how film mocks and undermines the textual intent to convey truth (Druick 299). The author also indicates how other analysts, like Stamm and Fiske, have applied the Bakhtins

Effective Management of Training and Development in an Economic Essay

Effective Management of Training and discipline in an Economic Downturn - Essay ExampleLayoffs argon among the most common and popular measures that comport been taken up by firms as a part of their cost cutting activities. Recessionary periods are also characterised by inaccessibility of credit to firms as governments are forced to reduce liquidity in the market owning to high levels of inflation. Banks are forced to cut down on their lending activities which lead to unavailability of credit. In such situations firms are forced to cut down on production which leads to job cuts. The predetermined financial crisis saw the downfall of many corporate giants like Lehman Brothers and Bear Sterns and also saw colossal scale job cuts which left numerous employees jobless. In this aspect it becomes important for firms and employees alike to analyse and joint effective measures that seek to help employees prepare survival strategies during such crisis periods. It has also been observed that employees who perform at a lower place the benchmark standards are first ones to get the pink slips. Hence it becomes of the essence(p) for employees to have greater efficiencies so as to ensure job security. This aspect assumes significance for organizations as well as human resources are the most important and valuable assets for any organization. Presence of a talented pool of employees is very essential for organizations because it determines the competitory advantage for the firms. Recessionary periods are characterised by large scale competition leading to bell wars. In this context it becomes significant for organizations to have a talented pool of employees which would help in generating give out product features and greater efficiency in the product and services of the firm which would help organizations to maintain their competitive edge in the tough market situation. Training and development therefore assumes a major splendor for both employees and organization s.The present study focuses on the aspect of training and development in

Enterprise and Enterprenerual Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

attempt and Enterprenerual Management - Essay ExampleThere are m some(prenominal) reasons that parentagees fail, some of them fail because they are futile to recognize the threats that exist in the come inside world and as well as the dynamics of the assembly line world. Before starting a business it is truly important that a business man tries outgo possible focal points to make his business a supremacy. For making a business a success it is extremely required that the business man has studied the environment of the probable business environment so that he does not delve into risks without any preliminary investigations (CAN?AS, SONDAK, 2011). When starting a business it is extremely necessary for the person who is starting a business to know whether the business he is starting is actu onlyy the one and only(a) that is near to him and he can understand the essence of it. If a person starts a business colligate to things that is of no interest to him he will end up losing interest in it and ultimately settlement down the business, without any further exploitation of opportunities. To start a business it is necessary that everything has been worked out justly and the person starting the business should have the whole layout of the business in front of him so that he can understand what are the pros and cons of the business that he plans to start. It is very important that the business has been thought out in its fullness before be started by a person. If a person fails to account for all the minute details then(prenominal) the business will never be a success as many important factors will be missed out. A business plan is a very important stepping stone for any business, without a business plan if you want to start your business then you will never be able to take it forward, as you will never have oft subject as to what path has to be taken to guide your business in the right direction. A designed business plan will suffice and guide the busi nessman as to what is best for the business (COVELLO, HAZELGREN, 2006). A business plan is really very important to take the business forward as it gives the blue print of the business. A end business plan is designed in a way that it will take into account all the profits and loss and then give the results of the impact of any kind of transaction on the bottom line of the business. It is a reflection of the possible expenses and the revenue times of the business. It helps the new business man decide what are the possible costs that have the possibility of being incurred by him while doing the business that he plans to start and how should he work and prioritize the arrangements so that he can minimize the costs that he superpower incur for the business. Also, when he has designed a complete business plan then he can look for ways and methods that will also help him in looking for alternates of the possible cost incurring units of the business. When a person starts a business the main thing that he has in his mind is to earn money from it and to make profits. The only reason that he looks for new ventures is that he wants to have greener pastures to graze and better results than he is getting in the current mull over that he is doing. Designing a complete business plan will always give him an idea as to what is the best thing that can be done to overcome the possible hurdles that might come up once he starts the business. It

How important has Hollywood been in influencing Chinese filmmaking Essay

How important has Hollywood been in influencing Chinese filmmaking since the 1980s - Essay ExampleThe resultant increase in local entertainment fare has created nationwide romanticism among the heathenish detractors as well as some industrial practitioners as they prefer a cinema that is characterized by more heathen importance. Filmmaking in China is therefore trapped amidst economic ambitions in order to capture the local market that is occupied by imports especially from Hollywood and cultural ambitions to create films that have Chinese physiognomies. The present tension between nationalism and commercialization is similar to the events of the growth of the Chinese cinema between 1922 and 1931 when competition from Hollywood shadowed the local screens.The irregular interaction between nationalism and commercialism is especially prominent during the periods when Hollywood dominates (Rojas and Chow, 2013, p. 554). In some instances hostile, while facing threats from Hollywood , nationalism supports the protection of Chinas cultural identity through safeguarding its domestic cultural market. Conversely, commercialization provides a strategic solution for regaining market share through the production of popular entertainment cinemas. When considered from this diaphragm of view, nationalism assists in justifying the growth of commercialization, but the latter ultimately motivates the rebirth of nationalism. This is the case of the first and nigh current entertainment cinema waves from China that is characterized by vigorous interplay between nationalization and commercialization that is manifest in its industrial practices and Chinese genres.The film industry in China has gone through a functional transition and a number of institutional reformations. Film was redefined in 1984 to become a cultural instead of an institution that carries propaganda meant to reinforce party ideologies. The ramifications of this functional reformation have been both positiv e and prejudicial since the studios enjoys more

Solitary Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Solitary Effects - Essay modellingThe Male Dominance Effect Introduction In Chapter 12 of The Second Sex entitled The womanhood in Love, the author gives a description of how women love inside and outside marriage or, in essence, how they want to be loved by their partners. As argued by Cecile Sauvage When the woman loves, she must forget her get personality. This is a law of nature. A woman does not exist without a master. Without a master, she is a separated bouquet (De Beauvoir 683). This statement suggests that women in intimate relationships want to be dominated or, in essence, they are attracted to ascendant men. This research typography will examine this prevailing idea that women are attracted to dominant men. More particularly, this paper will try to answer the following questions (1) Do women prefer dominant men as husbands? (2) Do women prefer to be dominated by their male person partners? In order to answer the abovementioned questions secondary lit will be reviewed, particularly empirical studies related to the topic. Essentially, the objective of this paper is to determine whether women themselves prefer to be dominated by their male partner or that they simply do not feel a choice. De Beauvoir (2012) her ego investigates how women strengthen their own subordination to male dominance. According to her, mystics, women in love, and narcissists accept their existence by inundating their self with an outside object, such as God or a spouse. De Beauvoir cites examples of women being blameworthy for their inferior countersink relative to men, especially in relation to marriage. The complexity of cutting loose from femininity, or from loose up comfort and security for an unpromising concept of equality, encourages numerous women to embrace the traditional, unrewarding domestic tasks of motherliness and wifehood. From the start of her analysis, de Beauvoir outlines the economic forces of women inferiority, as well as the economic causes of female emancipation. Women can turn a profit independency only through work. If they can be self-sufficient, provide independently for their own regards, they can also disclose a kind of liberation. In the final sections of his book, de Beauvoir talks about the structural barriers women confronts in trying to accomplish this objective. Male Dominance What it really means for women? Numerous social scientists entertain made a prognostic that womens inclination to prefer dominant men as partners will vanish once they gain higher social standing and economic autonomy specifically, once self-sufficient women no longer have to get resources and status through their male partners, such female tendencies will become less widespread. However, this is not taking place (Townsend 150). Women with greater resources have a tendency to improve their socioeconomic status for partners. The much determined, single-minded, expressive, and education woman is, the more she wants to be respected by her male partner. For instance, when asked what they want for a male partner, most of the women interviewed admitted they prefer a man who is dominant, someone they could respect and look up to. When asked why they need such protection from a male partner, they were uncertain and stated it was simply an irrational want. These women said they knew they would have enough resources, and they do not hope a man would safeguard them from any actual threat. However, they admitted that having a male partner they really respected would give

Possible Turnaround Strategies for the Business Essay

Possible reverse gear Strategies for the Business - Essay ExampleThe paper tells with the understanding that the business action is based on a quality product as the explanation, increasing the presence of the business in the local market would care to create a good send for and a household brand which can be good sold to outside world. With the brand now famous in the home country, it would be easy yet to partner with the transnational companies and market the products since they would be acting as ambassadors based on the good name built in the local market. However, this would be a wise decision because of the local competition and the realizable saturation of the local market. Increase competition or saturation of the local market would make the operation and expansion strategy difficult for the business. According to Audley, the other strategy can through going international at once. This is probably the most efficient way of expanding a local SME to attain international standard. However, this would be a tricky move also truly involving. It would require proper preparation in toll of capital investment and also in terms of management. Going international for an SME is quite involving but very rewarding in case it is executed accurately. Having seen at the two possible turnaround strategies for the business, let us now look at the requirements that would help in the expansion process. First, it would require a huge bar of capital investment. This is needed in for licenses and business premises. Perhaps the most important thing to understand here(predicate) is that the owner must first become conversant with the international laws governing international business. This is important in order to understand the terms of payment and transfer of money. The owner of the business needs to establish an direct to receive all payments depending on the mode of operation. Having a sound financial backing is of crucial magnificence before venturing into in ternational business as the business requires huge inputs.

Appendix c polynomials Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Appendix c polynomials - Assignment ExampleA need equation (sometimes called a demand curve) shows how much money bulk would pay for a product depending on how much of that product is available on the open market. Often, the demand equation is found empirically (through experiment, or market research).a. Suppose a market research company finds that at a price of p = $20, they would sell x = 42 tiles each month. If they lower the price to p = $10, then more people would purchase the tile, and they can expect to sell x = 52 tiles in a months time. Find the equation of the line for the demand equation. Write your answer in the form p = mx + b. Hint Write an equation using two points in the form (x,p).A companys revenue is the amount of money that comes in from sales, before trading be are subtracted. For a whizz product, you can find the revenue by multiplying the quantity of the product sold, x, by the demand equation, p.The costs of doing business for a company can be found by ad ding fixed costs, such as rent, insurance, and wages, and unsettled costs, which are the costs to purchase the product you are selling. The portion of the companys fixed costs allotted to this product is $300, and the suppliers cost for a set of tile is $6 each. let x represent the number of tile sets.4. A customer wants to make a teepee in his backyard for his children. He plans to use lengths of PVC plumbing pipe for the supports on the teepee, and he wants the teepee to be 12 feet across and 8 feet tall (see figure). How long should the pieces of PVC plumbing pipe

Solve equations and word problems Speech or Presentation

Solve equations and word problems - Speech or Presentation ExampleThomas had a checking account there for 8 months and was charged $53.10 in service charges. How legion(predicate) checks did he write during that catch?Geometry Dave and Jane wells have a new rectangular driveway. The perimeter of the driveway is 168 feet. The length is 12 feet chronic than three times the width. What are the dimensions of the driveway?Geometry a leather coin purse has the shape of a triangle Two sides are equal in length and the third side is 3 centimeters shorter than atomic sum 53 and one-half times the length of the equal sides. The perimeter is 28.5 centimeters. Find the lengths of the sidesHealth Club Memberships In 2006, the number of Americans who were members of a wellness club was 42.7 million. This was an increase of 106% from the number of health club members in 1990. How many Americans were health club members in 1990?(Source www.emaxhealt h.com)The Clarke family went sailing on a lak e. Their boat averaged 6 kilometres per hour. The Rourke family took their outboard runabout for a trip on the lake for the same amount of time. Their boat averaged 14 kilometres per hour. The Rourke family travelled 20 kilometres farther than the Clarke Family. How many hours did each family spend on their boat

Inclusionary Practices in Science Classrooms Research Paper

Inclusionary Practices in acquisition Classrooms - Research Paper ExampleThere they are given additional help and picky tuition in the classroom. Full inclusion is one where there is no segregation between general and special students, and they work together (Hub Pages).Richard Lange, is a gifted expert, and he talks about his experience and about the multinational gifted programs. He talks about his visit to Taipei, Taiwan, where he saw that these students had to take extensive mingy placement tests in order to get them admitted in these schools. These schools have large focus on cognition and laboratory experiments at an early age.When inclusive practices are cultivated in schools, the school academics must bushel sure that the teachers they hire have a focus on disabled students beyond that they have on normal students. The way instructions are given is an important factor, as it can serve as solid foundation for inclusive classroom (Dukes & Dukes)However, there are a lot o f challenges that comes across in inclusive classrooms. The teacher has to be more inclusive and identify challenges by providing practical activities, caprices and approaches (Inclusive Science). One obstruction which everyone comes across is the common attitude of teachers. It has been observed that the attitude of general student teachers is different towards the disabled students. Their idea of inclusion and acceptability differs in respect to the two types. This eventually leads to a creation of yours not tap sort of an hostile environment between both the students and the mental faculty. A second obstacle is that most of the conviction the leaders are unable to recognize the needs of the inclusive classrooms, and therefore, due to this lack of support from the staff and administrators, success is unlikely (Green).Science has been considered as the most valuable subject to be taught to the disabled students. by and large general student teachers have training pertaining to teaching students with disabilities. Special student teachers

Strategy Report of Tesco Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategy Report of Tesco Case Study - Essay causeAlthough Tesco concentrated on the core growth of the company during the 50s and 60s, apart from organic growth, they also grew through acquisitions. They change magnitude their market touch at low cost as they concentrated in opening stores in and around London. The organic growth represents the long-term strategy of the company and also its core strength and vitality. The heel of stores grew and they acquired cost leadership but cost leadership comes with disadvantages (Porter, 1979). Very low cost may slang hard-core customers away and it may also start losing revenues, which is what happened to Tesco. It then changed its strategy to increase its market share price reduction and centralized buying.Thereafter Tesco concentrated on growth based on quadruplet factors. While UK was their core market, they also expanded inter internally. Apart from market development, they also focused on convergence development as they became a s strong in non-food products as in food. Besides, they also introduced new retail services. So their strategy was both market and product development. This is how they penetrated into the market and increased their market share.In their abroad expansion, they adopted a localized approach where they took into account the local culture, local suppliers and ways of working. They also accepted that each individual was different and hence adopted the multi-format strategy. They focused on a few markets which helped them reach competitive advantage and then find the direction for growth and development.During the 1990s Tesco concentrated on national market development through product innovation. They attracted and retained customers through different innovative strategies. To retain loyal customers they introduced loyalty cards to attract a new segment they started online shopping and thereby created differentiation in their service offerings. It was the same market but with the help of technology they could

Trials of the Long Twentieth Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trials of the Long Twentieth Century - endeavor ExampleMore bear witness emerged that significantly incriminated king of beasts plain-spoken in the murder, convincing Hugh Dorsey, the solicitor, to seek a murder indictment against Leo Frank (Brundage, 36). The trial began, with the prosecution building its case on evidence yielded by very shoddy investigations carried out by the police. Leo Frank was eventually convicted of murder and sentenced to end despite overwhelming evidence indicating that Jim Conley, a black sweeper at the factory, was the more likely liquidator (Arnold, 21). The death sentence was eventually commuted to life sentence by the outgoing governor of atomic count 31, John Slaton. However, he was kidnapped from prison on August 16 by a lynch mob led by prominent individuals of Marietta, who hanged him on an oak tree at a site near Marietta. Leo Franks case attracted national attention because of an overwhelming call by the public, in particular Southerners, for his execution. It emerged at a time when anti-Semitism was rampant in the Southern States, whose citizens viewed Jews as affluent Northern capitalists out to become advantage of the poor and women of the South. Public outrage following the murder of Mary Phagan was intense, and when police investigations brought in Leo Frank as a suspect, the locals were enraged and immediately started to call for his execution even before he had been proved guilty in a court of law. It is apparent that public clamor tremendously influenced the verdict of the jury and contributed to his sentencing. Despite having a strong defense, Leo Frank had no chance of a unclouded trial because most individuals involved in the justice process that ensued had anti-Semitic views. The society of Georgia was powerfully anti-Semitic because a lot of industry and capital flow in the South was controlled by Jews. Therefore, citizens of Georgia and other southern states viewed Jews as selfish and controlling indi viduals who aggressively kept much of the areas economic opportunity to themselves at the expense of the locals (Brundage, 41). In the last half a century, a number of stereotypes had extensively circulated in American society concerning Jews. They include the belief that all Jews are financially soundly off, all Jews are greedy and stingy, Jews are powerful and control the world of business, Judaism strongly emphasizes materialism, Jews think it is sanction to cheat non-Jews, Jews use their wealth and power to benefit only members of their community. As a result, m either Americans, especially Southerners, viewed Jews as a hindrance to the American culture of free enterprise and opposed to the progress of non-Jews. Therefore, by the early twentieth century when Leo Frank was accused of the murder of Mary Phagan, anti-Semitism was late ingrained in American society (Blakeslee, 45). The Atlanta police who carried out the investigation demonstrated sizable bias against the suspect , Leo Frank, since they were quick to take into account any evidence that incriminated him and readily ignored any evidence that disproved him as the murderer. This is demonstrated by their failure to conduct tests on a bloodstained enclothe belonging to Jim Conley, the other suspect. They ignored this piece of evidence instead of following up on it to restrict whether the blood belonged to Mary Phagan. Furthermore, the police concentrated

Personal opinion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal opinion - Essay Examplethe World War II is considered to be a huge catastrophe worldwide and I agree with the point, but lets consider just about consequences it led to which actu onlyy were not bad but even good, for example, in American society. First of all, matter wealth increased, and, feeling the advent of better life, people reacted accordingly. Young people started getting married, which led to kid boom and the divorce statistics decrease in addition, a nuclear family began being an object of imitation, and it originated the fashion of the American dream way of life. But the situation was not so perfect like it seemed, because on a background of American prosperity there was a Cold War situation. Stalins extension of fabianism through Europe and Eastern countries threatened to increase US power in world political arena. Cold War caused huge changes in American peoples mentality. Governments authorities of making communists the biggest enemy possible made people scared of another nuclear war they were confident(p) that the threat of Soviet invasion and communists occupation would fade the society. So the anti-communists information was widespread everywhere, and American last acquired another feature of eternal national enemy from without existence, which lately led to the War on timidity emergence. Even though the pattern of the American Way of life was developing sweepingly, it was not available for all segments of society, racial discrimination still existed. And black people understood that the time for changes had come, so massive stand actions stirred up the entire country. Under the Martin Luther Kings leadership black people achieved credit of their rights, which in fact was the impetus of great liberal changes in the American society. Lately, when American society was all in all outraged with Lyndon Johnsons support of the Vietnam Civil War American youth initiated protests in addition, young people, who had returned from the wa r, decidedly were

Java zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Java zone - Essay typeAs a consequence, birds, reptiles and separate animal species in these forests have increasingly been endangered as or so all forests are gone only to create space for this lucrative plant. It took the intervention of North the States to realize that there has been a significant drop in the number of birds in exchange America. As per the reports of the researchers, this is attributed to cutting down of tree previously used as coffee shades.As such, this work pertains to biodiversity more than anything else. The information is similar to the context that constitute of biodiversity. This is due to the reality that most farmers in Nicaragua and other Central American nations have been affecting biodiversity through their own action. In biodiversity, people look at the little term benefit of their action, which similar to the java zone farmers who cut down the forest not fondness for the long run impacts. Cutting down the trees negatively affects biodiversity, given that they are natural habitats of some other creatures such as birds, and mammals. Is it right to compromise the biodiversity to increase the sales volume of

Constitutional protections in criminal investigations Essay

Constitutional protections in criminal investigations - stress ExampleHowever, in Minnesota v Murphy, an individual who was required to disclose the facts of an unrelated offensive activity to his probation officer, was convicted on the basis of this information (Lupia, 1984, p. 673). With this ruling, the realm was permitted to procure involuntary confessions that exploited the suspects ignorance regarding their constitutional safes. With the Supreme Courts decision in Miranda v Arizona, procedural safeguards were firmly established. These protections related to the right against self incrimination (Grewell, 2005, p. 727). In addition, these rights ensured that the police did not resort to torture and other coercive measures during interrogation. Moreover, the reliability of the evidence obtained from the testimony of the spectator pump was ensured (Grewell, 2005, p. 728). As such, the Fifth Amendment is crucial for the accused. The principal features of this amendment that pr ovide protection are the right against coerced self incrimination, right to a grand jury, right to protection against effigy jeopardy, and the right to due process (Miller, Cross, & Jentz, 2008, p. 614). Moreover, this amendment precludes the government from coercing a suspect to provide a self incriminatory testimony (Lupia, 1984, p. 674). ... In addition, the decision in Miranda v Arizona, provides the right to an attorney to felony suspects. However, grand jury witnesses, who fail to enter immunity deals before giving evidence, unremarkably are unaware of whether they are suspects, till such time as the hearings are not concluded. During the hearing such witnesses could be compelled to answer, in the absence of a lawyer. Failure to do so would lead to imprisonment. such(prenominal) witnesses are also in danger of perjury traps, if they change the facts under oath (Welch, 2005). Under the pabulum of the Fourth Amendment, no individuals person or home can be examined and pro p impounded, in the absence of a proper warrant or if there is no such warrant, without around special necessity. The warrant should be on the basis of probable cause that evidence of a crime that had been committed could be procured from that place ( get together States Federal Laws Regarding Privacy and Personal Data and Applications to Biometrics, 2006). Consequently, the Fourth Amendment sanctions seizures and searches, under press and explicit circumstances. In order to prevent double punishments and duplicative trials, the Double Jeopardy Clause was introduced in US law. The protection offered by this clause was affirmed by the Supreme Court in Abney v United States (Cases, 2008, p. 2007). This decision was diametrically opposed to the decision in United States v Calabrese, wherein the majority permitted the trial to continue, without finalizing the double jeopardy claim (Cases, 2008, p. 2008). Moreover, the Sixth Amendment directs that the accused in every criminal prosecut ion shall be authorize to a public and speedy trial. Such trial is to be by an impartial jury of the state and district where the crime had been committed. In

Console application Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Console cover - Coursework ExampleI that realized that I was running a different version from what I wanted after a series of procedures.In correcting this delusion, I realized that I had misspelled the data type so I had to generate a new class by going to generate new type and from a list of classes, delegates, interfaces, enumerators and structures, I chose class and through the dialogue box, I defined the new class in a new file (Utley, 2009).Runtime errors are characterized by causing application crash. During my project, this had the unassigned data type (ten to one hundred). When I added a value that exceeded the available range of data type, I got an information that the application has stopped working (crashed).To fastness that, I moved to System Overflow Exceptions which then directed me to optic Studio, showed me the code line which triggered the exception and through the Call Stack panel, I was be able to fix the error (Utley, 2002). However much it was quite demor alizing at this stage of the project, I was able to fix the problem accurately.Finally, another error challenge I met in my project was the Logic error. This type of error hinders the normal operation of a program by either producing the unintended output or the unwanted result. In my project, I realized that I had incorrect type casting, miscoded fragments and variable scoping and to fix these errors, I intent the w-Command Line option which produced a message about the questionable codes and took the necessary procedure to fix the errors (Utley,

How Aztec Culture Survived Essay Example for Free

How Aztec Culture Survived EssayAztec refers to Nahuatl speaking people from the substitution region of Mexico. There argon other groups who are related to this community they include the Acolhua and the Tepanic. This essay analyses the storey of the Aztec people, their culture and how they survived the Spaniard conquest. The Aztecs were located in the south central region of Mexico. They lived in Mesoamerica highlands in the area of basins which are separated by dissected mountain ranges and eroded volcanic peaks.The Aztecs originated from the remote north at roughly the early 13th century. They were moving around the vale of Mexico in their struggle of survival. Their experiences went to the extent of Aztecs being enslaved by another tribe. They stopped their migratory pattern in 1325 when they settled on the south west of Lake Texaco. This was by and by they saw an eagle sitting on a pricking pear stem. To the community, this was an omen which announced the mend where th ey should settle and make their city (Msdu. du, 2010, Par 1-4).In part of their culture, the Aztecs of importtained their activities of fishing, hunting, garden techniques, and gathering. The rivers in the valley were rich in fish, shrimp, insects, tadpoles, and pasta. There were those who settled near the ocean and they ate crabs, fish, turtles, and fish. This means that water was the main source of their livelihoods. They hunted animals much(prenominal) a rabbits, armadillos, snakes, pumas, coyotes, and deer. In addition, they hunted the wild turkey.The community gathered crops such as cocoa, bananas, pumpkins, squash, beans, tobacco, chili, onions, green tomatoes, red tomatoes, sweet potatoes, maize, and vanilla. Later, they began warring with other tribes and they conquered them. The Aztecs allowed the tribes that they conquered to maintain their government and religion entirely the tribes were supposed to provide the Aztecs with textiles, food, pottery, and other items that they required (Native Web, 1995, Par 2-4). The Aztec people spoke Nahauatl Language but did not have a written language.They however had no written records. Instead, they used varieties of hieroglyphic paintings and the methods of direct histrionics as courses of keeping their records. The first contact of the Aztec empire with the Spanish conquest was during the reign of Ahuitzotl from 1486 to1502. The Spaniards and their ally became very dangerous to the people of Aztec. Hostilities developed, direct to the massacre of the Aztec main temple and the death of their leader, Montezuma II.On July 1, the Spaniards fled the town, leading to an episode which they referred to as The Sad Night. The Aztec society was helped by the native allies to fight the Spaniards and in opulent 13, the battle ended. They conquered but due to the poor leadership that prevailed, the falling of the empire was witnessed. Despite the empires declination, their culture still remained intact. This led to po sitive development of the Aztec culture because the Spaniard presence did not affect their way of life.Today, many traditional groups of Mexican Americans can trace their origin from the time of Aztec tradition. They are well cognise today for human sacrifices. During the special events, a slave was sacrificed to honor the gods and to regulate the human existence (Anguilar-Moreno 131). In conclusion, I found out that Nahuatl language which is the traditional language for the Aztec is being spoken by 1. 5 million people. In Mexico City, most of the buildings and streets have Nahuatl names. This means that the Aztec old days are still prize up to now.

Directness and Indirectness in Different Contexts Essay Example for Free

Directness and In transferness in Different Contexts EssayIn modern life, people communicate with others in different expressions for instance, the appearance that directness or collateralness can affect the success or failure of communication. So, we wonder which appearance is break-dance for human communications. The definition of directness is the character of being accurate in course or account or straightforwardness , the quality of being clear, plain, or easy to understand . The definition of indirectness is not express or done in a clear and direct way or stating what a authoritative or supposed original speaker said with changes in wording that conform the statement grammatically to the sentence in which it is included . Speakers intent a different register when speaking to different people, much(prenominal) as children, elderly people, peers, bests, friends, strangers. So , when people talk to each other, they should consider the condition, the situation, and then use the ripe(p) way to communicate.. Position or social status is an serious element of choosing whether directness or indirectness. When in a superior position, people head for the hills to use more directness to their inferiors ,by contrast, people use indirect way when they are in a lower or subordinate position. Subordinates usually are more mitigatedpolite, tentative or indirect.For example, in a company, as employees, they leave to talk to their boss in like a shot and politely even their boss make mistakes, they cannot indicate directly if they do not want be laid off. Otherwise, bosses just talk to the employees directly. But the ones in power had the option of choosing which style to use. It was precisely because of his high status that the boss was free to choose whether to speak formally or informally, to assert his power or to play it down and build rapportan option not available to the subordinate, who would have seemed cheeky if she had chosen a style that enhanced friendliness and closeness.In this spirit, if your boss request you something with indirectness,you should not only drop dead the real meaning but as well as you should manage it, or you may in trouble. Another precedent that affects communication is how people related to each other, or social distance, those who have closer relations tend to talk in a more direct way. For instance, they can talk to their parents directly anytime talking directly is much better to parents as a result, children should be honest to their parents. Moreover, as a close friend, they excessively need be honest to each other, so talk directly is a well(p) way to them.When their close friends make any fault, as close friends, they should indicate directly that is a good way for both of them. On the other hand, people need to talk to their in-laws indirectly moreover, people should be as well respect to elder people. When in a special circumstances, or in emergency, people must use direct way of speaking, otherwise it will cause serious consequences, such as the conversations between the co-pilot and the lord in the text. If people in a urgent situation, they should speak directly even they are subordinates.If not, the superior one would more likely to ignore hints from their crew members than the other way around. The use of indirectness can precisely be understood without the cross-cultural perspective. Communication in any culture is a matter of indirectness. only if a part of meaning resides in the words spoken the largest part is communicated by hints , assumptions , and audience filling-in from context and prior experience. Americans as a group tend to ignore or even rail against indirectness. For Japanese, Arabian, or the Mediterraneans, small talk is big and essential in business dealings.Non-Americans, and American women, more often take in that much of what is meant cannot be said outright. Cross-culturally it becomes a maddening guessing game that most ent rants lose. Cultural differences in listening behavior can be categorized as direct or indirect. In direct listening cultures such as France, Germany, and the United States, people listen primarily for facts and concrete information. Listeners in these cultures also confront speakers directly and feel comfortable asking questions.In indirect listening cultures such as Finland, Japan, and Sweden, people listen in a very different manner. Interruptions do not occur maculation the speaker is talking, and politeness is part of the listeners behavior. Indirect messages allow you to express your desire with-out pique or insulting the one interacting with you, but often at the sacrifice of your own feeling. Instead of axiom, I am bored with the conversation, you say , Its getting late and I have to get up primal tomorrow, or you look at your watch and pretend to be surprised by the time.Instead of saying , This food tastes horrible ,you say , This food tastes different . Instead of saying , You look terrible in this dress , you are likely to say , I like the dress you wore yesterday. However, different people have different ideas some people think that talking directly can show the point all the way and others think that being indirect can be much more polite otherwise, they think that talking directly is rude to people.The ways that talking directly or indirectly are very important in our life. People should use these properly. These two systems can affect the communication success or failure. And sometimes the different culture also will affect the way that people talk directly or indirectly. Nevertheless, different situations and relationship are two of the most important effects. Therefore, learning how to use a right way to communicate to each other is a very important part in our life.

Cause of action assignment Essay Example for Free

Cause of action assignment Essay parturiency A(1) art of make out means to exercise a degree of attention and caution to avoid negligence which would lead to harm. Duty of care in a babycare setting is keeping children and young mint safe, protecting them not only from physical harm but also emotional and sexual harm. Working with children and young people need a significant amount of duty of care, the younger and more vulnerable the child the great the duty of care because of a childs limited ability to care for themselves. Good alerting is needed to keep a child safe, for example to foresee and cope with potentiality dangers. This extends to respecting the rights, cultural beliefs and determine of the parents and family.(2) Duty of care contributes to the safeguarding and protection aspects of a setting. An example would be carrying out risk assessments to prevent potential hazards which would consequently reduce the risk of harm to the children. A further example wou ld be setting clean up boundaries/ expectations by communicating with the children what is unacceptable behaviour. Consistent reinforcement of this may be necessary to discourage the children from restate hazardous behaviour that could cause harm to themselves or others. Understanding of the signs of neglect/ roast if any signs/indicators of execration or neglect were noticed they should be reported to the relevant third parties to protect the child. Making observations and assessing children exclusivelyeviate to check to see if individual children are progressing and developing at suitable rates, if not so then I would need to take relevant action with other parties such as parents or professionalsT convey BExample of potential conflict orDilemma How to manage the risk Where to get additional support essay taking such as a child accidently slipping of a step of a ascent frame and the childs parents asking for that equipment to be put away, this would conflict with all chil drens opportunity to develop and learn The risk would be managed by explaining that in order for children to learn to cope with bad situationsand acquire life and physical skills these small risks must be taken, in asafeenvironment. Also by filling ina risk assessment to minimize any risk People such as my room supervisor, film director or Ofsted, the EYFS may also be helpful Confidentiality- such as if there was concerns we had about abuse of achild, in order to safeguard it mayoverride the families right to privacy . It would be managed by only sharing the schooling with appropriateprofessionals to protect the right to privacy I would share the information with Only my room supervisor/managerFor advice on what steps to take and Refer to the polices and procedures On safeguarding Weather disturbance- such as its wet and coolness outside but the children wantto fork up their outside play Make sure a full risk assessment is completed (including all wet/slippy equipment is wiped down and large puddles are brushed away), all children have suitable clothing and shorten the length of time theyre outside for Refer to the EYFS that states childrenShould have outside play and also Discuss with colleges Task CThe main points of a complaints procedure intromit ensuring complaints are handled in a way that protects the rights of individuals involved. Issues or concerns are encouraged to be resolved verbally as they arise. If a concern cannot be resolved immediately the person raising the concern should ask to speak with a manager, and a meeting can be arranged at a sure place and time. If satisfactory resolution still cant be found, a written schematic complaint can be raised. If the manager feels that the situation is a child protection allegation, they should inform the designated child protection officer. If any individual involved in the complaint has reason to believe a roughshod offense has been committed then they will contact the police.

Descartes I Think Therefor I Am Essay Example for Free

Descartes I Think Therefor I Am Essay-A bidding by the seventeenth-century French philosopher Ren Descartes I think therefore I am was the end of the search Descartes conducted for a statement that could non be doubted. In the beginning, Descartes was in the process of figuring out his nature, using debate instead of experience. He had to inauguration with a offset premise which was indubitable. He found that I make up is something that is certain, and what follows must be certain as well.In the meditators search for certainty, he had to discard anything that was false or even open to the slightest doubt. He had to tear away all that was previously known to him, and with a new, stronger foundation, start anew. Descartes had conceded that he has no senses and no body. He also noted that the physical world does not exist, which power also seem to imply his nonexistence. Yet, to have these doubts, he must exist. He found that he could not doubt that he himself existed, as he was the one doing the doubting in the first place.For an evil teras to mislead him in all these insidious ways, he must exist in order to be misled. There must be an I that can doubt, be deceived, and so on. He then formulates the known cogito argument, saying that he concludes the proposition I am, I exist is necessarily true whenever it is put precedent by me or conceived in my mind. He then questions what the I that exists is. He first thought that he had a soul, by means of which he was nourished, moved, could sense and think and also that he had a body. completely these attributes can be doubted, except the fact that he thinks.He can exist if any of the separate attributes are not there, but cannot exist if he does not think. Further, he states that he exists as coherent as he is thinking. The meditator then concludes that in the strict sense, he is only a thing that thinks. In this statement, the Meditator finds his first grip on certainty after the radical skepticism he posited in the first meditation.

Rich man Essay Example for Free

Rich man EssaySlavery is quick and well in the 21st Century. Ever wondered, as you slipped on your trainers or pulled on a span of jogging bottoms what life would be analogous for the person who made them? Nike promotes sport and healthy living that the lives of employers who put up Nike shoes and clothes in Asia argon anything but healthy. Independent research indicates that they live in extreme poverty and suffer stress and exhaustion from over work. Around the manhood there are millions of people whose lives depend on global trade. Many are small children between an age of golf-club and seventeen, work in factories trying to pass just a little m cardinaly for their families. But working in these factories isnt living. Its sweating. Its exhaustion. Its two meals of rice and ve shellables a day. Its two twenty-four hour shifts a week. Its food or medicine, not both. Its a mat to sleep on in a lodge by nine cell. In short ninety pence, the daily rate at Nike factories and the mandated Indonesian minimum is more a dying wage than a living wage. We are the reason that the poor get poorer and the rich get richer.Demand here effects lives there. Poor people are cosmos kept poor, thanks to companies like Nike. People have to work overtime, and if they dont, they either get the sack or they get abused both physically and mentally. Workers are so poor that they undersurfacenot take the risk and say no, because they need the money so more than. Even children have had to work in order to earn money because of their poverty. Child labour is one of the most serious human rights abuses in the work place. They are being denied something all children should have an entitlement to, a childhood.A right to play, a right to grow up without the worries and responsibilities of survival. A right to an education without which they can never aspire to a better quality of life. Should such huge responsibilities be placed on such little shoulders? In the U. S. A. and Europe a Nike shirt costs thirty pounds, yet the workers may only get about a quarter of that price per week in wages. The third foundation kids are victims of poverty. We the consumers are victims of high prices and ignorance. Every time we wear an item of clothing produced by named dirt manufacturers we advertise their products.We have been given false hopes, the way that Nike gives false hopes to the workers in their factories. The clothes we buy from Nike are made in factories from China to El Salvador. These factories can only be called sweatshops. The conditions people are pass judgment to work in are nothing short of appalling. Wages are abysmal hours are bulky and welfare non-existent. Workers who remained anonymous for fear of loosing their jobs were interviewed by Sarah Strickland in Phonom Penh and are quoted as saying, Some only earn i 20 a month.They have to get their card stamped when they go to the toilet and sometimes they light-colored from exhaustion and the heat. One particular worker who said he had worked for two years without a holiday told her, When I asked for two days off, they cut my salary. The manufacturers were also approached for their comments on the state of the garment industry in Cambodia. Van Sou Ieng, chairman of the Garment Manufacturers Association told Ms Strickland Some of the workers have unrealistic demands, like postulation for forty hour, five day weeks. I wonder how many hours per week he works and for how much even out?I would be very surprised if he wasnt entitled to holiday pay, sick pay and a substantial pension. I think the workers in these factories should be paid more because they are being kept poor and its unfair. The children working in these factories should not have been there, they should have been in school, playing and having caper not receiving pain in a grind. However this is a complex issue, consider this, if you buy Nike products, those factory workers will be kept poor. If you dont buy them they will still be poor, maybe more so. So what can we do about it? Well, we could try protesting to companies like Nike.A letter of disapproval might be a start, but will these multi-million pound companies listen to us? I think we should protest to the demesne trading organisations and persuade them to set standards for all companies around the military personnel. Standards that are fair to everyone the factory workers, the companies and you the consumer. A world trade mark could then be a sign of quality without cruelty, a guideline for the trustful buyers around the world that the product didnt cost someone more than a fair days work for a fair days pay, and doesnt cost us our peace of mind.Rich man The executives of the large companies who make their money from us all Poor man The consumer who is being conned by these companies and kept in the meritless about the way in which their products are produced. Beggar man The people in third world countries who have l ittle or no rights in the workplace, slaves to their rich masters. Thief The Multi-million pound companies, the fat cats of society, make their money from exploiting others.

Branches of Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Branches of ism EssayIn gear up to narrow the aims of discussion philosophy was broken into branches. Traditionally philosophy has been broken into four main branches save we would like to add a fifth branch in our text -Epistemology Epistemology, from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and boy (word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the spirit, origin, and scope of knowledge and love. -Metaphysics Metaphysics (derived from the Greek words ta meta ta physika biblia) cerebrateing the word of honor that follows the physics book. It was the way students referred to a specific book in the work of Aristotle, and it was a book on First Philosophy. (The assumption that the word means beyond physics is misleading) Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the discover of first principles and being (ontology). In other words, Metaphysics is the force field of the most general aspects of reality, such as substance, identity, the nature of the min d, and free will. In other way is a study of nature and the nature of the world in which man lives -Logic Logic (from guilelessal Greek (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, except coming to mean thought or reason) is most often express to be the study of arguments, although the exact definition of logical system is a matter of controversy amongst philosophers (see below). However the subject is grounded, the task of the logician is the aforementioned(prenominal) to advance an accounting of valid and fallacious inference to allow one to distinguish favourable from bad arguments. -Ethics Ethics is a general term for what is often described as the science (study) of morality. In philosophy, ethical behavior is that which is good or right. The Western tradition of ethics is sometimes called moral philosophy. Other Branches Philosophy of Education somewhat self-explanatory. A minor branch, mainly concerned with what is the correct way to educate a person. Class ic works include Platos Republic, Lockes Thoughts Concerning Education, and Rousseaus Emile. Philosophy of HistoryFairly minor branch (not as minor as education), although super important to Hegel and those who followed him, most notably Marx. It is the philosophical study of history, particularly concerned with the question whether history (i. e.the human race and/or humankind) is progressing towards a specific end? Hegel argued that it was, as did Marx.Classic works include Vicos New Science, and Hegel and Marxs works. Philosophy of Language Ancient branch of philosophy which gained prominence in the last century under Wittgenstein. basically concerned with how our languages affect our thought. Wittgenstein famously asserted that the limits of our languages mark the limits of our thought. Classic works include Platos Cratylus, Lockes Essay, and Wittgensteins Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Philosophy of righteousness also called Jurisprudence.Study of law attempting to discer n what the best laws might be, how laws came into being in the first place, attempting to demarcate human laws from natural laws, whether we should always obey the law, and so on. Law isnt often directly dealt with by philosophers, but much of political philosophy obviously has a bearing on it. Philosophy of Mathematics concerned with issues such as, the nature of the axioms and symbols (numbers, triangle, operands) of mathematics that we use to understand the world, do perfect mathematical forms exist in the real world, and so on.Principia Mathematica is almost certainly the most important work in this field. Philosophy of take heed Study of the mind, attempting to ascertain exactly what the mind is, how it interacts with our body, do other minds exist, how does it work, and so on. Probably the most pop branch of philosophy right now, it has expanded to include issues of AI. Classic works include Platos Republic and Wittgensteins philosophic Investigations, although any major philosopher has had some opinion at least on what the mind is and how it works. Philosophy of governance Closely related to ethics, this is a study of government and nations, particularlyhow they came round, what makes good governments, what obligations citizens have towards their government, and so on. Classic works include Platos Republic, Hobbes Leviathan, Lockes Two Treatises, and J. S. Mills On Liberty. Philosophy of Religion Theology is concerned with the study of God, recommending the best religious practises, how our religion should shape our life, and so on. Philosophy of religion is concerned with much the same issues, but where Theology uses religious works, like the Bible, as its authority, philosophy likes to use reason as the crowning(prenominal) authority.Philosophy of Science Study of science concerned with whether scientific knowledge can be said to be certain, how we obtain it, can science really explain everything, does causation really exist, can every event in the universe be described in terms of physics and so on. Also popular in recent times, classic works include Humes Treatise on Human Nature, Kripkes Naming and Necessity, Kuhns organize of Scientific Revolutions. Empiricism is a philosophical idea based on the idea that all current knowledge about the world is gained in the process of experience.Famous empiricists were Hume, Locke and Berkley, basing themselves on ideas already postulated by Aristotle, that we argon born with the Tabula Rasa which receives throughout our lives information on which it can base all thinking and knowing. The movement of sensualism was in part a countermovement to what Descartes and Spinoza had proposed as rationalism. Knowledge derived from experience is called a posteriori. - Doing Philosophy galore(postnominal) fields can be studied and learned without ever actually working with the tools in the field.For instance, chemical science can be learned in depth without ever picking up a seek tube o r mixing ionic compounds. Philosophy, however, is more about the methodology behind deriving answers than it is about the answers themselves. As such, students studying philosophy must use the methodology of philosophy on the philosophy they are learning as they are learning it. Doing philosophy involves asking the right questions, critically examining the work of preliminary philosophers, truly understanding the works and the reasoning behind the works, and possibly building on the works of previous philosophers by expanding or testing this methodology.

Hsbc Case Essay Example for Free

Hsbc Case EssayHSBC is known as the Worlds topical anaesthetic bank. in the beginning called the HongKong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, HSBC was established in 1865 to finance the growing trade between China and the unite Kingdom. HSBC is now the second largest bank in the world, serving 100 million customers through 9,500 branches in 79 countries. The company is organized by business line (personal pecuniary services customer finance mercantile banking corporate investment banking and markets private banking), as well as by goegraphic segment (Asia-Pacific, U. K. /Eurozone, North the States/NAFTA, South America, Middle East). Despite operating in 79 different countries, the bank works saturated to maintain a local feel and local knowledge in each area. HSBCs native operating strategy is to remain close to its customers. As HSBC chairman Sir John Bond said in November 2003, Our position as the worlds local bank enables us to approach each state uniquely, blend ing local knowledge with a worldwide operating platform. For example, consider HSBCs local marketing efforts in mod York City. To prove to jaded New Yorkers that the London-based financial behemoth was the worlds local bank. HSBC held a New York Citys Most knowledgeable Cabbie contest. The winning cabbie gets paid to apparent movement full-time for HSBC for the year, and HSBC customers win, too. Any customer showing an HSBC bank pecker, checkbook, or bank statement can get a free ride in the HSBC-branded Bankcab. The campaign demonstrates HSBCs local knowledge. In order to make New Yorkers believe youre local, you have to act local, said Renegade Marketing Groups chief operating officer Drew Neisser. Across the world in Hong Kong, HSBC undertook a different campaign.In the region hit clayey by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak, HSBC launched a program to revitalize the local economy. HSBC plowed hold up interest payments to customers who worked in industries most affected by SARS (cinemas, hotels, restaurants, and travel agencies). The program eased its customers financial burden. The bank also promoted Hong Kongs commercial sector by offering discounts and rebates for customers who employ an HSBC credit card when shopping and dining out, to help businesses affected by the downturn. More than 1,500 local merchants participated in the promotion.In rundown to local marketing, HSBC does niche marketing. For example, it found a little-known product area that was growing at 125 pct a year pet indemnity. In December 2003 it announced that it will distribute nationwide per insurance through its HSBC Insurance agency, making the insurance available to its depositors. HSBC also segments demographically. In the United states, the Bank will target the immigrant population, particularly Hispanics, now that it has acquired Bital in Mexico, where many migrants to the United States deposit money.Overall, the bank has been consciously drag togethe r its worldwide business under a single planetary brand with the Worlds local bank slogan. The aim is to link its international size with close relationships in each of the countries in which it operates. The company spends $600 million annually on global marketing and will likely consolidate and use fewer ad agencies. HSBC will decide who gets the account by giving each agency a brand-strategy exercise. Agencies will be vying for the account by improving on HSBCs number 37 global brand ranking

It Is Hard to Possess a Sense of Belonging When We Are Unsure of Our Own Identity Essay Example for Free

It Is Hard to Possess a Sense of belong When We Are Unsure of Our Own Identity EssayThe journey in finding our identity and be thunder mug often be a struggle, since we ask ourselves, who am I vs. whom do others want me to be? And where do I belong? This point in our live is subjective, because we want to feel accepted in fiat we deny ourselves of what we re all(prenominal)y argon. Its hard to have a sense of belonging when we ourselves are unsure of our own identity. There comes a time where our opinions and beliefs are differentiated from those around us, during this time rough people may discover where they belong, where as many others do not. We are all different in our own ways no one is born equally some may take their struggles as an advantage and some take it as a disadvantage and tries to hold back this imperfection in revisal to fit in. Although we all live in the same world we are all different be it the shape of our eyes, the colour of our skin, the country we were born or the accent that we speak in and to others their sexuality.These are all the traits that come together and create our identity, however this differences are sometimes not accepted in the society that we live in, and the sad part is that even if we know what we really are deep inside, our society tells us otherwise. Shuffling through the book Growing up Asian in Australia, I read a lot of stories that made me feel nostalgic, having flashbacks in my head when I first step in Australia and the purport of deja vu overwhelms me with emotions, while flipping through the stories I read something that caught my attention My First Kiss by Lian Low.Her story is not something I would say that I could relate to completely, She grew up in country where homosexuality is a criminal offence, and deep inside she knew she was different but her surrounding kept her from being true to herself, fitting more womanly, I suddenly lost foot of my tomboy world she denied herself in order for h er to intermingle in. She wanted to be equal with the people around her but the difference cant hide what she is I felt a foreigner whenever I open my mouth. Whenever I spoke my accent betrayed my origins My travail to blend in failed me as soon as I opened my mouth.The reason wherefore we are all unique is because we ultimately choose what does or does not impact us in a crucial or unimportant way, we have the choice to accept or deny our uniqueness but whichever we choses influences our form of distinctiveness. Everything and everyone can influence a persons identity, while some influences can be minor, some can have a major effect on our lives just exchangeable Lian Lows story after concealing and denying her sexuality she finally learned to accept her difference after her first kiss with a girl.She erudite in writing that once became her source of comfortableness and used to bury herself with, Writing and performance have been outlets, they have let me be myself, express my self and explore my multiple identities Asian, woman, queer, migrant, Chinese-Malaysian-Australian. It is not solely one stage of our lives when we are confronted with an identity crisis, but a around-the-clock challenge throughout our lives as we encounter new experience that will alter our thoughts, emotions and perspective on ourselves.We have to learn to love and accept our individualism, In order for us to feel welcomed and accepted by someone or something In fact as suggested by Maslows hierarchy of needs, a psychology theory cantered on humans innate desire of fulfilment, belonging is a need that we course seek in order to feel loved. Whether its belonging with your friends family or surrounding, we need to embrace our individuality to know what we want, what we are, and what were not.

Cloud Computing Essay Example for Free

deprave Computing EssayHow did Ericsson benefit from Amazon blade Services (AWS)?According to Amazons Web Service sack upsite, it gives users the option to run just about everything using their service applications. By incorporating cloud computing, users atomic number 18 able to data track variable costs to a to a greater extent attractive scale for the business by eliminating costly administrative and hardware fees. Due to remote portal, Ericsson was able to immediately take advantage of AWSs benefits since the infrastructure was already up and running. Demands change chop-chop and its primal for a friendship to be able to adjust accordingly. By using the cloud system, Ericsson was able to employ software updates and new applications quickly and more effectively. AWS work hundreds of thousands of customers in more than 190 countries, making their global infrastructure far more expansive than competitors this allowed Ericsson to have data centers in various parts of t he world. According to instruction provided in the grammatical case study, Ericsson chose AWS because they felt it was the most integrated public cloud provider in the Rightscale Cloud Management broadcast (Rightscale).Amazon EC2, Amazon S3, and RightScaleAmazon EC2The AWS website describes Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) as a web service that provides resizable compute electrical condenser in the cloud, making web-scale computing easier for developers. It also allows you to quickly scale subject up and down if and when your computing requirements change. Because this system works on a pay-as-you-go method acting, you only pay for the capacity you use which is a great option from an economic stand point.Amazon S3Amazon S3 is described quite an simply on the AWS websitestorage for the Internet. It makes a developers job easier by providing for more convenient Web-scale computing. It gives them access to the same high quality infrastructure that Amazon uses to run its global network. With Amazon S3, one ass store any amount data, anywhere, and have total access to it at any time via the web. The main(prenominal) purpose of this service is to maximize benefits of scale and pass them on to developers (AWS Website, 2012).RightScaleRightScale is your bridge between applications and your cloud infrastructure. It allows for flaccid deployment and management of apps across not only public clouds, but private and hybrid ones as well. RightScale configures expeditiously and also provides brass instruments with better overall command of the cloud computing infrastructure and applications. Server management is an important aspect of using the cloud, and with this service, the company female genitals scale and monitor more effectively, enhancing require. Organizations view the portability of RightScale as a huge incentive because it provides for greater flexibility and less restriction in a sense of provider options.Security Concerns How to Cope With ThemNaturally, with any cloud-based service, there are lots of security concerns, including but not curb to, recovery issues, who has access to sensitive information, and data location. Recovery IssuesIn the event that the organization loses information or experiences a tragic situation, the seller who is sponsoring the cloud-based service should have a detailed and easily executable contrive in place to resolve the issue and make the process of recovery as painless as possible. Its also important that both parties agree to the terms beforehand to avoid any spare disagreements and issues.User AccessWhen an organization opts to use cloud-based computing, they release a level of control, to a certain degree. The vendor controls the cloud and their employees may have access to the clients information. Its vital that the client organization seek clarity on exactly who has that access and their credentialslevel of expertise, exact job surname and company responsibility, etc.Data Loca tionThe client organization wants to make sure they at to the lowest degree know what country the cloud system they are using is located in. There are just about cases where the organization has no clue where the cloud they are utilizing is based and that could potentially be a problem. one way to ease concern would be for the client to suggest specific locations and ensure that company hiding will not be breached. One suggestion to cope with the afore mentioned security concerns would be a method called the layered approach. The good thing about this option is it not only offers protection for not only the organization, but the vendor as well. The multi-level technique makes for a layered defense model that keeps the company from totally relying on one option. take aim onephysical securitywould focus on observe the actual facility that houses servers and other sensitive equipment.Level twonetwork securitywould ensure around-the-clock monitoring of the network by well trained personnel. Level threeintrusion detectionwould control the traffic that enters and leaves the network, making sure that any possible intrusion would be detected immediately and handled accordingly. Level fourfirewall managementthese should be custom fitted for the organization. These are commonly used with organizations and provide that added cushion in the level of security. And finally, Level fivedata encryptionshould be maintained inside and outside the cloud. Because the information that is transmitted over the cloud is so sensitive, maintain a high level of security is super important. This is mainly the vendors responsibility however, the client organization can absolutely make suggestions and requirements that personally cater to their needs.Scalability, Reliability, and Cost Issues Associated with Cloud Computing Organizations can easily capitalize on economies of scale and majorly cut costs because virtualization is the main vehicle for cloud-based computing. The need to purchase and maintain hardware and spend funds on administrative costs is basically eliminated. The mobility of the cloud network allows for total access of large amounts of data anywhere, anytime and companies obtain that to be a very attractive incentive.The only issue that may arise is network reliablenessyes, the problem with data storage is limited and inexpensive however, the probability of outages is unavoidable with this option. Cloud computing can become very expensive to install and get running however, the fact that companies only pay for services they use is great Eliminating the need to maintain subscriptions and licenses saves the company tons of money and makes running the infrastructure considerably more convenient. It is clear that the benefits outweigh the possible issues that may arise.BibliographyEricsson Case Study. 2011. http//aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/ericsson/Security Techniques for Protecting Data in Cloud Computing. 2012. http//www.kaspersky.c om/images/european_cup_2012_march5_Venkata%20Sravan%20Kumar%20Maddineni-10-141650.pdfUnderstanding Layered Security and Defense in Depth. 2008. http//www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/understanding-layered-security-and-defense-in-depth/703

Religious Experience is Nothing but Fantasy Essay Example for Free

apparitional Experience is Nothing but Fantasy EssayThe above criticism to phantasmal belief was proposed by Sigmund Freud who thought that the origin of relig exp (religious become) is rooted in the unconscious and that they are a product of eschewed psychosexual development. Freud jilted any appeal to the supernatural to explain these occurrences as our mind regularly deludes itself, pointing to dreams as an obvious example. The materialistic approach to explaining relig exp has led scientists to pinpoint specific physical causes of this phenomena St Paul of Tarsus is thought to have possessed a form of epilepsy. In this case, Pauls relig exp would be a fantasy but perceived as real become.A theistic ch bothencege to materialism is that god and organic explanations of religious phenomena. In this way our brains may be wired up to experience beau ideal materialism does not necessarily deem all relig exp fantasy. except how does matchless explain those who do not exper ience religious phenomena? Are some people born(p) with Gods calling card? This in my mind is where atheists and theists will never agree theists will say God only chooses some to be his messengers and atheists will say that our genetics and upbringing predispose some of us to superstition. In this way we cannot know whether each and all religious experience is fantasy a closing curtain reached by Bertrand Russell who reasoned that the fundamental justness that we cannot get inside someone elses head and verify the experience deems this argument irresolvable.William James set verboten specific criteria for a religious experience. For example, the experience must be transient i.e it is temporary and therefore cannot be sustained. This conveniently pr levelts science from examining the psychological causes of the experience further cause that this argument is irresolvable. James based in conclusions in part on Pragmatism the doctrine that truth is the acceptable conclusion for w homever concerned in this sense, religious experiences are very much current to the believer. This would be seconded by Ludwig Wittgenstein who indentified religion as a closed language game proposing that the experiences are fantasy is not an accepted move and is only know to the outside observer. Ergo, to say religious experiences are fantasy excludes the one accepted explanation upon which religion is based God did it.The term fantasy is vague does this indicate a belief that we want to be true and know is false or rather a true deception ourselves. The former seems plausible in the case of Mass Hysteria e.g The Toronto Blessing, where our desire to fit in overtakes our desire to be right what psychologists call Normative Social Influence.As James pointed out, these psychological explanations do not necessarily reject God. However, they do give us no reason to believe in him via Occams razor (believe in the most simple of the explanations) and thus reckon religious experiences a s fantasy. This brings to mind Anthony Flews termination by 1000 qualifications constantly changing the goalposts for the definition of God so that the eventual result is an stem that possesses no verifiable or falsifiable claim. Thus God cannot be counted in or out of existence, or even on the fence.Kant objected to the term religious experience calling it a contradiction. How can we experience that which is fundamentally beyond our sensory capacity? We experience people and trees and the world around us because it is mortal as are we. We can level the challenge that we experience the universe, which is endless, but that we experience finite sections of the infinite set. Similarly we can count numbers but not count to the be it and end all of real of the numbers. God we can experience in short, transient bursts but cannot experience the sum of him this is not logically impossible. Kants reasoning is not the reason to reject religious experience as fantasy as with religion there can only be one wholly true explanation of religious phenomena.Only one religion can be wholly true as they make conflicting claims and so we must dismiss most religious experiences as fantasy. And if we reject most religious experiences, then those remaining must be of the same psychological nature so they too can be dismissed as fantasy. Jamess pluralism is merely another get out clause another death by 1000 qual which offers no explanation to how faiths are linked, and is infinitely less simple than materialism.In conclusion, not every criticism levelled against religious experience is sound. However, only one is sufficient that because we can track the experience of God to psycho/physiological phenomena, there is no reason left to believe in God even though the two are not mutually exclusive. Since the debate cannot be resolved ala Russell, we must suck in the answer is not the theistic one.

A Case Study Of The Code Switching Patterns English Language Essay

A Case Study Of The codification Switching Patterns incline Language EssayThe instruct investigates the exercising of Lithuanian and English and code-switching between the dickens in a family of Lithuanian-English bilinguals living in London. The data was collected by means of recording in the family home. The recording was and so transcribed and analysed, all toldowing me to identify a number of features of the features of the phrase filling and code-switching patterns. These included converging or disagreement from the view tiptop of the previous announceer, lexical need, translation to allow for greater fluency in the conversation, trigger words and the perceived individuation of the speaker.I conclude from these observations that code-switching can be readn as a versatile and fluid phenomenon which allows the speaker greater freedom of distillion and coifs a number of functions, twain(prenominal) fond and practical. The speakers delectation their speechs toTh is dissertation looks at bilingual conversations between family members in a family environment. The main focus of the plump is the strategical use of code-switching. My particular interest is on how diametrical members of the family use code-switching in raise to express their national and individual identity and how this usage excogitates their offices towards their lyric poems.Theoretical background to the guinea pigBilingualismA fact often menti peerlessd in bilingual studies is that over half the world is bilingual (Hoffmann 1991). However, patterns of individual linguistic process use inside bilingual communities argon diverse and it has been claimed that bilingualism is more common in unilingual countries (Mac place 1970). Lithuania has a high take aim of bilingualism with over 70% of the residents being trilingual (http//www.stat.gov.lt/en/).Language use is influenced by mixer circumstances, e sp arely with obedience to the communicatory situation in which th e language is employed. Bilingualism, however, is not automatically sustained with kayoed regular exchanges in the apt languages. (Ervin-Tripp and Reyes 2005). Languages amongst piece generation immigrants seem to be maintained in strong correlation to the amount of mental picture within the home. Mackey Bilingualism Reader page 35. The aim of language attainment and performance are affected by the intention of the speaker and the kinds of actions taken in grade to satisfy that function.The attitude of a speaker towards his or her language is a major chemical element in their language behaviour. A speaker who feels ashamed of his or her level of a particular language may use this less frequently or entirely use it in certain company. Certain languages carry political associations and can be unpopular for this modestness -for example, Russian was unpopular in many countries in the Soviet league. Bilingual immigrant children may associate their second language with that of th eir friends and social life and have a more positive outlook towards this (Lambert et al 1958 see Bilingualism a reader for ref).Code-switchingCode-switching is remarkably common in language contact situations, especially within plurilingual societies. The majority of code-switching studies have concentrated on the social motivation behind the switches (e.g. Myers-Scotton 1993) in addition to grammatical or syntactical constraints or psychological mechanism (e.g. Grosjean 2001).Alternation between languages seems to depend on a number of factors., including the informal topic of the speaker, the individual to whom he or she is speech production and the level of tension which he or she feels when fetching part in the conversation for example when very tired, nervous, or angry. Myers Scotton (1993) amongst otherwise(a)s has pointed out that bilinguals use code-switching in order to make the greatest use of their lingual repertoire. For many bilinguals this is a part of thei r daily life. In multilingual societies this would take place in a kind of contexts, only when in the UK this is most commonly establish at home in a family environment. For this reason the piece of work focuses on a family conversation.Age is a major factor for consideration in the study of language use within a family. For junior immigrants bilingualism can be a short process which can lead to the second language going the first if home is the only environment in which the first language is utilised. (Tits 1959 see bilingualism reader for ref). The study of younger immigrants is specialised as their stability in their first language needs to be considered whereas with onetime(a) immigrants their first language is far more fixed and stable.1.1.2 Lithuania and the Lithuanian languageAccording to the Office for national Statistics (www.statistics.gov.uk), an estimated 74,000 Lithuanians lived in the UK in 2010.Lithuania became independent from the Soviet Union in 1990 and bec ame a member of NATO and the European Union in spring 2004. Since Lithuanian independence many changes have taken place and popular close is highly influenced by Western Europe and the USA. An important change regarding language is that many young slew are direct able to speak English or other foreign language, and have smallish knowledge of the Russian language. In Soviet times the very large majority of the population was silverish in Russian. More than 70% of Lithuanians living in Lithuania in September 2012 are bi- or multilingual. (http//www.stat.gov.lt/en/) Russian is still the most widely spoken second language with English now the second. (Statistics Lithuania 2008).The add up worldwide Lithuanian-speaking population is estimated at about(predicate) 3,100,000 (2011, http//www.indexmundi.com/lithuania/demographics_profile.html), about 2.9 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 200,000 abroad (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language). The Lit huanian language is a Baltic language which has been influenced by some(prenominal) Russian and Finnish, hardly retains many pure features of archaic Indo-European. The Russian language was particularly influential during the period of Soviet rule. Lithuanian is an inflectional language with seven cases and is gendered. The Lithuanian first rudiment consists of 32 letters in the Latin alphabet using diacritical marks. There are deuce main dialects which differ significantly from each other Auktaii (Auktaitian, Highland Lithuanian) and emaii/emaitiu (Samogitian, Lowland Lithuanian). The family canvas here speak model or Highland Lithuanian.1.1.3 Key scatheBilingualismDefinitions of bilingualism vary greatly. Bloomfield (1933) describes it as native-like control of two languages. However, this focus on the level of progress in each language does not rear to the use or function performed by the language. Definitions which are found on function take into account the fact that l anguage is a communicative tool quite an than an abstract entity. Weinreich (1953) describes bilingualism as The practice of alternately using two languages. Els Oksaar (1983) takes function and proficiency into account in her definition of the ability of a person to use here and now two or more languages as a means of communication in most situations and to switch from one language to the other if necessary (p. 19). Hoffmann (1991) points out that bilingualism is relative, and although there have been many attempts to define it, none of these is equally valid. She suggests that a useful nuzzle could be to form a bilingual profile for each individual, history for variables such as the language development and maintenance of the languages, their successive relationship, the competence in each, functional aspects, linguistic features, attitudes and environmental circumstances.The term balanced bilingual is employ to describe a speaker who has equal leave out of both languages. However, Fishman et al (1971) point out that this situation is rare.Bilinguals who are equally fluent in both languages (as measured by their facility and correctness overall) are rarely equally fluent in both languages about all possible topics this phenomenon is invariably a reflection of the fact that societal allocation of functions is usually imbalanced and in complementary distribution alternatively than redundant (Fishman et al, 1971, in MacSwan, 1999 30) .Code-switchingDefinitions of code-switching vary significantly between researchers. Code is popularly apply as a synonym of language, although there is some debate on this point, Jakobson distinguishing between the two terms, asserting that languages do not consist of codes, but rather contain them (Jakobson 1971). approximately see code-switching as being the insertion of whole utterances in a non-dominant language between times (Dahl, sieve et al. 2010). Borrowing generally refers to the insertion of a word or phra se within a sentence while retaining the syntax of the matrix language. Code-mixing However, there is little evidence at present that there is a significant difference between these types, and many see the difference as best expressed in terms of a continuum (Clyne 2000). Jeanine Treffers-Daller (1994- linguistic c-s) points out that many researchers see a difference between instances of code-switching and pitch or interference both of these terms referring to the influence of one language on another. However, she argues that these can be seen as similar as they involve the occurrence of aspects of one language in a subsection of another language. In the current construct, the term code-switching volition be used in its broadest sense to refer to the use of two or more languages used within a conversation or utterance, whether this be inter- or intra-sententially, unless a particular term is used by another researcher cited here.Throughout this work I go forth refer to inter-s entential and intra-sentential code-switching switches which occur between sentences or within them respectively as to begin with defined by Polack (1980).Crossing (also language crossing or code-crossing) refers to the use of a language or variety which isnt generally thought to belong to the speaker (Rampton, 1997, in Auer 1998P. Auer (ed) 1997/98 Code-switching in Conversation Language, interaction and Identity (London Routledge)Creolization is used here to mean the formation of a Creole language from the contact of a European language with a local language http//oxforddictionaries.comNative speaker when used in this construe refers to a person who has spoken the language in question from earliest childhood (http//oxforddictionaries.com). ableeThis is an ethnographical study using data obtained from naturally occurring speech of three bilinguals of differing levels of proficiency. The family were chosen as they are all first generation immigrants, bi- or tri-lingual and are i ntegrated into British society while still retaining a sense of their Lithuanian identity through their visits to Lithuania and contact with Lithuanian friends and family. The bewilder, when collecting her son from school when he was about 5 years old, overheard him asking a friend Did you know that I am half-Lithuanian? She thence questioned him about why he thought he was only half Lithuanian when both his parents were Lithuanian. He answered that he was Lithuanian when he was at home because of his parents, but at school he was English because he spoke English there, and he knew he wasnt 100% Lithuanian, as he could not speak the language fluently. This biculturalism opens debate concerning the choice and use of language to broader issues such as identity. Oksaar (1983) argues that an immigrants two languages usually perform distinct tasks and the distribution of the languages in relation to the cultural spheres may be a decisive factor for the immigrants degree of integration.T his study aims to investigate how the level of proficiency in a language affects the code-switching patterns in this family and how the family members use their linguistic repertoire to express their identity as Lithuanian, English, or both. No attempt will be made in this work to examine grammatical restraints or features beyond a very canonical level.Research interrogative moodsWhat are the language choices and code-switching patterns of the subjects in a family environment?Do the language choice and code-switching reflect on the proficiency level of the language used?What are the functional purposes of the code-switching?How are the individuals attitudes towards the two languages and their suffer identity reflected in their language behaviour?The first of these questions cans a general background on which the other questions are based. The second question relates the language choice and code-switching to the level of proficiency that the subjects have in the languages. Questi on 3 looks at the reasons behind the code-switching. Lastly, the final question examines if there is a relationship between the attitude of the individual and their language choices1.4 HypothesesThat there is a correlation between the language choice and code-switching patterns of the speaker and their level of proficiency in that language.That the mother of the family, being the most balanced bilingual, will code-switch more frequently than the other two members of the familyThat the code-switching functions to facilitate understanding between all three members of the family and reflect their identities1.5 ConclusionThe social organisation of the topic is as followsChapter 1 has described the study and its aims. It has also bankruptn a brief summary of the key ideas which will be investigated and the terms which will be used throughout.The second chapter will review the publications which I feel is relevant and of interest to the present study. This will examine the perspective s on code-switching outline, starting with the demythologized Choice compend. It will then examine Conversation abstract as a tool for the depth psychology of code-switching data. Chapter 2 will also deal briefly with studies which look at the level of proficiency of the speakers and how this affects code-switching.The ordinal chapter will describe the methodology used in the study including the research design issues and the positioning of the researcher. It will give an outline of the family background and history will then deal with the ethics, interviews and data collection which were carried out in order to conduct the research. A mention will also be made of the issues compound in data collection and the conventions used in the transcription as well as the methods used to analyse the data.Chapter 4 will look at the analysis of the data, dealing primarily with the research questions. It will examine the language choices of the subjects and how these choices reflect on th e proficiency level of the participants in each language. It will then examine when the family code-switch when interacting and what the functional purposes of the code-switching appear to be. There will then be a discussion of how the language choices reflect the individuals attitudes towards the two languages.Chapter 5 concludes the study with a discussion of the hints of the findings and a summary of the research, looking at the limitations of the research and any further development required.Chapter 2Review of relevant books what about FAMILY studies and what is special about them?2.1 Introduction QUOTATIONS ONE OR TWO PER PAGEIn this chapter the literature concerned with the phenomenon of code-switching is examined to provide a designual framework. Studies have been carried out in this area from psycholinguistic, grammatical or sociolinguistic perspectives. This literature review will concentrate only on the sociolinguistic studies as these relate most most to the research carried out. I will firstly consider the different perspectives on code-switching analysis Analyses based on the social connotations of the two languages and Conversation Analysis. I will then examine studies dealing with the level of proficiency of the speaker and how this affects code-switching practices. I will also briefly investigate studies of bilingual children before concluding by linking these studies to the study carried out here.The last forty or fifty years have seen a mellowness of research carried out into reasons for code-switching and the different manifestations of the phenomenon. Studies in this area can be conducted for their own sake, in order to demonstrate characteristic features of a language. Code-switching is also studied in order to look at grammatical features or constraints across languages or for cognitive processing purposes. In addition code-switching can investigate the slipway in which identities, be these individual or group, can be formed and de monstrated. It can also give additional meaning to an utterance which cannot be attributed to the meaning of the sum of individual words (Gardner-Chloros 2009)Code-switching is a conversational tool requiring competence pragmatically and grammatically (Koppe and Meisel 1995). Reasons why code-switching takes place are varied and complex. It is assumed to be related to the situational parameters of conversational topic, participant roles or the speech event itself (Auer 1995). However, intra-sentential code-switching may serve the purpose of emphasis, quoting another person, or to indicate a change in the participant turn to. It can also be used to indicate convergence or divergence from the previous participants statement (Zhu 2008). Inter-sentential code-switching can be used to take in gaps in lexical knowledge or to for emphasis (Zentella 1997) or to ask or answer rhetorical questions among other reasons.2.2 Perspectives on code-switching analysisIt is generally recognised that code-switching is meaningful from a social perspective. There are two broad schools of thought as to how this meaning is brought about. The first of these sees the choice of language as having a meaning, in terms of identity, views and values (Gumperz 1982, Myers-Scotton 1993). The other glide slope sees meaning as coming from the code-switching itself, that is, from within the conversation, rather than being reliant on external factors. This second approach concentrates on the sequences used and is generally studied using Conversational Analysis techniques. Increasingly researchers are favouring this second approach, as although it is widely acknowledged that social factors can play a significant role, this is not straightforward and cannot be assumed a priori (Cashman 2005, Williams 2005).2.2.1 Analyses based on the social connotations of the two languagesLanguage can be seen in terms of a we-code and they-code (Gumperz (1982). The we-code unremarkably denotes a minority langua ge linked to informal circumstances used by an in-group. The main lodge language, linked to formal circumstances, is a they-code. Typically in families in which the parents are immigrants to the UK, the parents will see their participation language or mother tongue as the we-code and English as the they-code. Their children, however, brought up in the UK, are likely to feel that English is their we-code and to prefer to use this.Gumperz (1982) sees code-switching as meaningful from a social identity perspective. He carried out a study in Norway examining the use of Ranamal a local dialect, and Bokmal the standard language variety. These shared many similarities but were considered by speakers to be distinct. This distinction was important in order for the varieties to consummate social functions. The local dialect was used with family, and to express local cultural identity, while the more standard variety was used in education and in the media. Many people switched between the se two varieties depending on the topic of the conversation for example, an enquiry about family dexterity be made in Ranamal, while Bokmal might be used while discussing business.Zhu Hua (2008) points out that a large body of evidence now indicates that there is no simple, one-to-one association between language and social values (p.1800) In an investigating into diasporic Chinese families in the UK, she examined the connection between social communication and socio-cultural values, focusing on code-switching between generations in conflict talk situations in which the speakers adopt different opinions on a subject. There appeared to be strategic language choices and positioning by the speakers. It appeared that code-switching functioned to focus the interactions between the speakers particularly when negotiating power relationships. Speakers showed convergence or divergence with the previous speakers view depending on their language choice speakers answering in the language i n which they were addressed were is likely to be showing convergence.Investigations into non-Western code-switching have found evidence refuting the idea of different languages being associated with different groups. Stroud (1998) looked at the use of Tok Pisin, a national language, and Taiap, spoken by a tiny minority. It was found that no particular domain, subject or speech variety was spoken about in one language only.Rational choice analyses start from the basic standpoint of Gumperz (1982). The Markedness Model of Myers-Scotton (1993) makes the assumption that one language variety is always overlooked in any situation and that social norms act as constraints to speakers. She studied African urban communities and saw a distinction between the theories of allocation, where language behaviour is affected by the structure of society, and interaction, in which a person makes a rational selection to achieve a specific purpose. The mother tongue of the Kenyans studied was used with o thers of the same ethnic background and appeared to be important in terms of identity. It was also used for assistance from other members of the same group. English was used at home by those more affluent economically as it was assumed that this would help the children with their school education. The markedness idea is further certain in the Rational Choice Model (Myers-Scotton and Bolonyai 2001), which asserts that an unmarked choice is one in which the speaker chooses his or her language according to the conventions of the social norms. These norms can dictate that code-switching is in itself the choice which is unmarked. The Markedness Model appears to regard monolingualism as the starting point or norm and disregards variation between languages (Blommaert and Meeuwis 1998). The idea of strategic code-switching is also criticised as many see code-switching as an unconscious occurrence (Woolard 2004).This Rational Choice Model was employed by Alfaraz (2009) in a study of the use of Spanish and English in the Catholic mass. Quantitative analysis revealed a more frequent use of English than Spanish during the service, making English apparently the unmarked choice. On closer analysis, however, it could be seen that Spanish was used for the ritua listenic areas of the service, making this the unmarked choice. Alfaraz asserted that pragmatic meaning was not conveyed though the directionality of switching in the data. Instead, code-switching seemed to be used to emphasise contextual information equivalent to what in monolingual settings is conveyed through prosody or other syntactic or lexical processes (Gumperz 1982 p.98). An example of this is in the use of pauses, which when between code-switched passages were found to be almost two seconds shorter than those between monolingual passages in the data, pointing towards the switching being used as a reinforcement of the order of the pause.The Rational Choice Model assumes that choices are made between codes acc ording to external values. However, more recent persuasion about how meanings can be interpreted has asserted that they can be interpreted from the conversation itself without the fatality of relating to external norms. Li Wei (1998) argues that code-switching can be used to show the authoritative level of the speaker and their orientation course linguistically.2.2.3 Conversational analyses of code-switching see Nilep reciprocal sectionMacro-sociolinguistic aspects of code-switching, while giving a useful insight, can neer determine absolutely code-switching. Gumperz (1982) maintained that in order to define the functions of code-switching a close and detailed analysis of conversation is necessary. On the basis of this he identified a list of six functions (quotation marking, addressee specification, interjection, reiteration, message qualification, and personalization versus objectivization. This list has led on to many other similar attempts to identify a list of code-switchin g functions (Romaine 1989 Nishimura 1997 Zentella 1997). These lists are problematic, however, as there are often problems with definition, as Auer (1995) points out. Although these may provide some useful guidelines, they are deficient as a complete answer to the functions that code-switching carries out..Auer (1984) claims that bilingual interaction is susceptible to local methods of language duologue and code choice and is autonomous at one level from the larger ideological and societal structures to which it are related. Conversational analyses of code-switching focus on the actual interactions and the fulfilment of interactional goals which take place between the speakers rather than on external factors. Li Wei (2005) regards Conversation Analysis as an extension of Rational Choice analyses, but seeking evidence from talk-in-interaction rather than from external knowledge of community structure and relations (p.375). Myers-Scotton and Bolonyai (2001) have criticised this appr oach for the emphasis on transcriptions techniques and lack of focus on motivational choices. Li Wei (2002) claims that the conversational analysis approach is often used without explicit reference to the reasons why, but that it can demonstrate the motivation and intentions of the speaker in addition to revealing the process of generating ordered activity .Code-switching is commonly believed to be related to other manifestations of bilingual or multilingual behaviour rather than an isolated occurrence. Translanguaging space covers a diversity of practices including code-switching, code-mixing, crossing and creolization. Li Wei (2010) studied the multilingual practices of three Chinese undergraduate maths students resident in Britain through here and now Analysis. This aims to capture seemingly spur-of-the-moment performances and to establish their causes and results. Speakers seemed to express their identities and create their own social spaces through usance of the linguistic re sources available to them. Translanguaging space can be a reflection of an individuals identity and demonstrates the way individuals use their linguistic resources to create their own space, rather than responding to external factors.Various patterns of interactions can be analysed in sequential code-switching Auer (1995). These can involve both the jobbers speaking in different languages to each other, for example one person speaking consistently in English while the other replies in Lithuanian. However, this often leads to one interlocutor beginning to use the other language and becomes a monolingual conversation. When this pattern is seen it can indicate the orientation of language by a speaker. It can also show the level of competence in a language (usually the speaker is more competent in his or her preferred language). It could indicate language choice for a social reason. Reyes (2004) states that code-switching can be used to extend communicative competence in situations wh ere a single language is not adequate.Milroy and Wei (1995) claim that interlocutors decide on a language and that code-switching occurs within this. This code-switching becomes interactional in that participants often choose to speak in the language which best suits their interlocutor (Milroy and Li Wei, 1995). Their study found that Chinese immigrants to the UK varied in their language practices according to age, with the older generation preferring to use their Chinese mother tongue, and the younger generation showing a preference for English. Code-switching within this appeared to be used for repeat and emphasis, clarification and confirmation, as well as making language repairs (this last only amongst the adults).Critiques of Conversation Analysis claim that a focus too closely on conversation as the starting point for analysis in addition to not allowing macro-sociolinguistic evidence can result in unsatisfactory analysis of non-Western language behaviour. Language use and pat terns of code-switching both structure and are structured by indigenous cultural practices (Stroud 1998 p.322).2.3 Code-switching and level of proficiencyCode-switching has traditionally been seen as the result of a lack of competence in one of the languages, or a practice which is lazy or inhibits language learning. Bullock and Toribio (2009) state that it is . perceived by the general public as indicative of language degeneration (Bullock and Toribio 2009 p.1). However, studies have shown that these viewpoints do not reflect the trueness (Hughes, Shaunessy et al. 2006). By focusing on code-switching as a resourceful process, it is possible to see the ways in which languages are used for communication and to advance learning (Liebscher and Dailey-OCain 2005). Weinreich (1953) described an idealised bilingual speaker who would use both codes distinctly. However, Grosjean (1997) has asserted that neither language system of a bilingual can be fully deactivated. This implies that bili nguals generally differ in some way from monolinguals, even in their principal language. Even the concept of the native speaker is now being challenged by code-switching practices (Gardner-Chloros 2009).The issue of the level of proficiency of the speaker and the effect of this on code-switching has long been under debate. McClure (1977) noted that the use of code-switching changes with age. Younger children were seen to code-switch nouns whereas older ones switched phrases and sentences, thus indicating that there is a level of proficiency which must be reached for code-switching to take place. However, according to Myers-Scotton (1993), there is no clear level of proficiency that a speaker must obtain in a second language in order for code-switching to take place.Code-switching has been seen as a strategy to cope with deficiencies in one or both of the languages (MacSwan 1999). These deficiencies were previously referred to as semilingualism (Cummins and Miramonte, 1989, in MacSwa n, 1999) and were thought of as causing low academic achievement in multilingual children (Milroy and Muysken 1995, Tokuhama-Espinosa 2003). However, Li Wei (2000) points out that the term was used for ethnic minorities and not for the speakers of mainstream languages. Poplack (1980) was critical of the term for the implication that the speakers are not fully literate, and the stigma involved for those it referred to.Romaine (1995) points out thatAlthough it is popularly believed by bilingual speakers themselves that they mix or borrow because they do not know the term in one language or another, it is often the case that switching occurs most often for items which people know and use in both languages. The bilingual just has a wider choice at least when he or she is speaking with bilingual speakers. In effect, the entire second language system is at the disposal of the code-switcher. (1995, p. 143)A study carried out by Valadez, MacSwan and Martnez